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ZONE C - THE DRY ZONE B

The underwater excursion more rewarding in terms of biological and around the area where C is the "Dry Fumosa" means a series of pillars with a square base of probable Roman building, covered with colorful sponges and algae that are not yet understood the function, probably served as barriers breakwater. At a depth of 15 meters meet areas of hot sulphurous water that comes out of the sand, mixed with cold water, it creates a very particular habitat. Of the Roman port are clearly visible 12 pylons that rise majestically on a sandy bottom. The passage outside of the pylons themselves can enjoy an almost lunar landscape, a large expanse of sand interrupted by light really special here and there only a few columns of tiny bubbles, which indicate the sources from the sea of \u200b\u200bhot water, further evidence of Swimming past the whole area. The transition between the two parallel rows of pillars can appreciate the magnitude of the structures built in Roman times, but also how these elements have been fully integrated into the underwater landscape, serving as a substrate and allowing the development of a vibrant flora and fauna distinctly Mediterranean character.
immersion in a fascinating archaeological site full of mysteries and catch the attention not only to the artistic, urban, historical, but also because, once again, you can appreciate how the Mediterranean hang in there, in all senses, the aggressions of time, nature and man. Although you can not describe admirable and exceptional meetings, it may be recalled that among other things, some nice and pleasant host, such as red Apogon imberbis, who hide among the crevices created in the masts, type the colorful nudibranchs Hypselodoris Valenciennes, the disheveled sea anemone, the Clavelin -clear and then the back a little Pinna nobilis in the company of gastropods and bivalves, sea urchins and starfish coloring this particular arm of the sea Mediterranean. The immersion in the ancient port of Baia, as well as the submerged city, has no particular technical difficulty and is very pleasant and relaxed even in the cold winter. Immersion in this season makes you appreciate even more the presence of several submarine volcanic activity in the area, as the frequent meeting and hot springs dot the seabed where the abundance sulfur, indicates the presence of sand pleasantly warm, not only for scuba diving cold, but also for the different species of animals, such as damselfish moving right between the bubbles of hot springs or living near the points lying warm waters.

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SMOKED - Portus Julius

Zone B comprises the submerged remains of Portus Julius. In 37 BC, during the civil war between Octavian and Sextus Pompey, the strategist Vipsanio Agrippa realizable 'to a large structure Portus Julius, used as a dockyard fleet Miseno, a navigable canal connecting Lake Avernus, Lake Lucrino and the sea. As a result of bradyseism descendant, much of the Portus Julius and 'mostly submerged; In fact, between Pozzuoli and Baia wind impressive traces of its port facilities and some suburban vici. The port will keep well at the pier entrance Dry Caruso and several stores (horrea). They meet elevations of walls in opus reticulatum, very well preserved, plumbing and mosaic floors of many houses built after the inabbissamento the port because of bradyseism.

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THE ZONE OF-THE NINFEO CLAUDIO

Zone A includes three important underwater archaeological sites. Departing from Punta Epitaph about 6 feet deep are the remains of Emperor Claudius Ninfeo (41-54). It is a rectangular building with a semicircular apse on the side of the bottom four rectangular niches on each long side, lined with niches are two side entrances, while the main entrance, surmounted by an arch opens to the sea on the short side, opposite to the side of the apse was a fondo.Da In fact, a statue of Ulysses holding out the cup of wine to the Cyclops, and second, that of a fellow portrayed in the act of paying more wine from a bottle. Inside the two statues were housed pipes of lead, evidently intended to bring water from the cup of Ulysses and all'otre companion; guess the presence of these gushing waters, as well as the architectural structure of the complex which was identified as nymphaeum Environment that their host. In addition to the statues of Ulysses and his companion in ' esedra background - representing the scene of the offer of wine to Polyphemus, preliminary blinding - in niches along the sides were placed, according to an interesting hypothetical reconstruction , five statues, including the most beautiful and practically integrate and young Dionysus, a second statue of Dionysos, crowned with ivy, was in pieces, a statue-portrait of girl with curly hair styled, perhaps the daughter of Claudio , a similar-size statue, which depicts an older woman with tiara, in which you want to locate the mother of the Emperor, and a fragment of a male bust. Log in as the parents of the emperor Claudius ( Drusus Major, as a leader, and Antonia Minor , depicted as Venus parent) and his sons ( Claudia Octavia and British ). The building dates to 41-54 AD, then, the years of the principate of Claudius.
This group of statues was therefore a sort of "gallery" of dynastic portraits of the Julio-Claudian gens, ideally connected to the group of Ulysses with the two statues of Dionysus, who is the personification of intoxication. It was thought that the room was connected to the so-called imperial palatium Bay. But more likely was part of a villa owned by Imperial, the type those later described by Pliny, the residence of pleasure outside the context of the city. The main entrance was on the opposite side of the bottom and opened to the sea, with water entering into the surrounding environment and a platform in the shape of "U", higher than the level the floor. What was this building? Most likely it was a nymph-triclinium. It was a nymph as the presence of water and the decoration of the walls are typical of this type of buildings that imitate natural caves: the apse and the niches of the building were in fact Bahia coated with pieces of natural limestone (fake rock) and with polychrome mosaics of glass and shells, while the rest of the walls was covered by slabs of colored marble. But it was simultaneously a triclinium (dining room) because according to the archaeologists on the platform were the couches, on which people were lying. How did it work? Probably the food was served on dishes floating surfed "on the water surrounding the platform, so that the diners had the impression of eating suspended between the waves, a cool and full of light reflection for the water that reflected on the mosaics and colored marble. Of the triad are only marble statues of Ulysses and Bajos recovered in 1969 and exhibited in the Castle of Baia.
ZONE - A porch VILLA AND VILLA OF PISONI
Continuing
just outside the Nymph, past the hot springs there is a paved road, the road Herculanea, which leads us in the midst of what was the Lacus Baianus, where we find the remains of two imposing villas. The port in Roman times to Bay was only accessible via a navigable channel, which is now submerged, which remain the foundation planted in the sand, made of timber formwork. In the central part of the harbor are the imposing remains of two houses. The house that a porch, from the greek and Thyra pro front door. The term refers to the Roman house in the vestibule and the area of \u200b\u200baccess between the entrance and the atrium. This imposing villa still remains hot, and mosaic floors. After the finding, on a lead pipe, the coat of arms of Pisoni has given the property to another villa nearby. It is built around a central courtyard with a rectangular plan, which remains visible on the opposite side of Punta Epitaph, a series of columns, marble and mosaic floors. Equipped with baths, gardens and a maritime district, with rooms to stay, tanks and fish ponds, defended by breakwaters, this large complex, showing architectural similarities with the Villa Adriana in Tivoli, was merged in the imperial property, perhaps after the seizure of the villa Pisoni following the failure of the conspiracy against Nero (65 AD). To the north of the canal were Spas, perhaps the public, given the urban character of buildings, highlighted by tabernae and by a road. The east and west shores of the lake are identified from other structures, located beneath the wharf, where years ago were found marble sculptures and decorations of the third century. AD The ruins are on the seabed Cantieri di Baia.
The easy hike can go underwater sull'attigua monumental area between the villa and the access channel to the ancient Lacus Baianus. Between thermal areas, fish ponds and columns, you can still see the elegant geometry of a beautiful mosaic.

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THE FIRST TO UNDERWATER EXCAVATION

The first underwater excavation of the history of Bay on September 22, 1959 executed by the team of Dr. Nino Lamboglia and assisted by Professor Amedeo Maiuri . The area was virtually divided into nine squares of the length of 500 meters on each side. This system laid the groundwork for the complete mapping of the site. Despite many difficulties, such as the cultivation of mussels, the presence of life ships, the vessel traffic for the loading of pozzolan, the excavation was made to open a shipyard permanente.La untimely death of Dr.. Lamboglia saw stop the construction site. Then 10 years later, due to a strong storm, they discovered two statues still standing in the apse of an environment rettangolare.Fu made another excavation in the tip Epitaph, place of discovery, led by PA . Gianfrotta that carry to light numerous statues, particularly those of Ulysses and Bajos, which were part of the complex that was the scene of dell'ubriacatura Homeric Polyphemus, whose statue has never been found. It turned out later that there was in the nymph of the villa belonged to the Emperor Claudius.

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BAY UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY sources

From an article by Claudio Ripa


A SCIENCE BY MANY FATHERS Claudio Ripa


Although Bucher in 1960 with the walk underwater in the sunken city of Baia, in a report made by the Pittiruti Television and commented on by Amedeo Maiuri, had shown the archaeological wonders hidden in our sea, only after the discovery of the first two statues of the Blue Grotto of Capri, there was a polarization of the 'importance and fascination of underwater archeology. In fact, the controversy from the recovery of those statues and the "hype" advertising "Underwater World" taken from television and the world press, meant that many hitherto indifferent divers started to become interested in underwater archeology. While the complaint and the recovery of the two statues made by Maltin and Solaini to tell the truth to be said that the first to have identified the statues was Gennaro Post, a professional diver, as well as Bay, most of the discoveries were credited with divers or professional fishermen. E 'therefore extremely difficult to search, in Campania, the founding fathers "of underwater archeology. Where to look, in fact? Among the scholars like Gunther, who was interested, so many years ago, our ancient submerged, and in particular those in the area of \u200b\u200bthe coast of Posillipo? Among the heirs of the "sakanaciuki," as Professor Miraglia, my father, who sometimes discovered shards, but that went under water to spear fish, the style still used by the Polynesians? Vongolari between old and spears, still patrolling the waters in search of prey? Or among the many who, for sport or for fun, to spend leisure or for pushing some kind of other reasons, the water we go, guard, patrol, looking for everything and anything, sometimes armed with rifles or underwater chamber, often without these tools, and are and, Research should be done a little of all these people: how to ignore people like Raimondo Bucher, who may be right to conclude on one of the founding fathers of 'Underwater Archaeology in Italy, at least to have given credence and momentum almost half a century ago with photography underwater and surface area of \u200b\u200bflooded areas. And how to ignore those amateurs who have gradually expanded their wealth of knowledge, rather than rely on luck, at sea and in search of truth, started to go with a base of scientific knowledge? Certainly, the development of underwater archeology could not have been the invention of Cousteau and Gagnan, breathing apparatus, were not successful, just after the war, to 'prevail even among the non-professional dive. Occurred instead of putting all affordable diving, underwater breathing apparatus has led scholars and enthusiasts. So that employment has become the underwater search of a few happy, activity of many unhappy. Unhappy about the way things work in Italy and where the divers who are interested in archeosub, while often willing to offer Superintendents collaboration are often treated as petitioners waiting for a pardon. We say that the line of development in Campania dell'archeosub moves informed by research and scholarly (occasional, sometimes targeted, along with the other or side), continue under the influence of passion to amateurs who make available to the Superintendent the his work; finally arrives, and what in recent months, for a successful synthesis, which is a bay between research officer and private researchers. But this, alas, as episodic fact, although not entirely new, as in Campania, other times there had been moments of happy collaboration between the public and private sectors such as exploration between De and Franciscis Lamboglia, the search for the alleged Port of Paestum request by a group of the late Mario Napoli, then the verification of scientific hypotheses Professor Andreae Punta nymphaeum on Epitaph. The underwater archeology is a science still very young and has suffered and is suffering from teething problems, but will make his way as he made the 'traditional archeology. Just do not think, as was often done to exclude an activity from which lovers, the "small Schlieman, which are many, and operate throughout the world. The spread of the practice of diving, the depletion of fish prey in the field, the simplicity dell'autorespiratore self-employment, are elements which can bring anything but harm to archaeological research in the underwater site. As rightly pointed out long ago, the French Denis Fonquerle of CMAS, "even before the States will decide to consider the underwater archeology a science officer, to make laws for the protection of sites and relics and take measures for the implementation of these Read, research volunteers, willingly and voluntarily, and laid the foundations of this new discipline and contributed to its development. " This, it should be said, is precisely the case of Italy and even more of Campania: the divide between "researcher Scientific research should be abolished and the second encouraged to pursue his work on the side of the first (when it exists). The surveys and excavations in the sea are no longer the preserve of a small circle, the holder of a tight secret. Honest, careful in what they do, and experienced in their work, even if they are among us, "we are not civil servants, and even adventurers." Empowering archeosub "passion" would break the chain that binds unfortunately still in a circle of silence the sea pirates. I say this because I think of how much they have suffered the submerged ancient Campania, precisely by means of them, and what would have been can enrich the study of underwater heritage in our country if they had been encouraged to work to the benefit of the community, to work for science, as few of which I am honored to be part of. The history of underwater archeology was written, unfortunately, even by the robbers, but, alas, how much of the treasure they found in ancient sea, is now lost to common knowledge.

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THE BAY OF LUCERNE

The Neapolitan Claudio Ripa, who brought so much prestige of spearfishing competitions in Italy, in this article, taken from Underwater World, June 1967, became deeply involved also in archeology

interesting findings in the ruins of the city submerged
An important new archaeological recovery of the underwater ruins of Baia. The bradyseism has collapsed slowly over a millennium and a half the charming town of Imperial Rome that looked out over the waters sacred to the worship of Venus, Discovery and cataloged hundreds of oil lamps of good workmanship of the first century after Christ's work was terminated by a group of divers from Naples, including Claudio Ripa, who in the past had already ripped the sand and mud Bay precious testimonies of history.
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LUCERNE THE BAY OF CLAUDIO RIPA
was, at first, an operation based on trust, enlivened by delicate talks. They Truva 'and Roman lampetelle Bay!., He said, in all secrecy, one of our fishermen friends. It is up to us to play then a complicated investigation, especially to have more concrete. He moved around the knowledge and finally we were able to get to the bottom of the matter, until you have secured a dispassionate our initiative with the Superintendence of Antiquities for the recognition of the right prize. The exploration of the underwater stretch of sea off the coast fiegreo he had not given this year appreciable fruit. And this, despite a challenging series of studies, as part of a archaeological campaign already previously established. A first inspection of the area finally revealed, it took him in the face of serious difficulties: the ruins underwater hid lamps that were buried under layers of sand and stones, to reach the floors of the rooms also had to vacate the rooms by huge boulders and lift the rubble of the floors. A few good copy of a lamp, which was found during this first dive, he encouraged us to continue the work begun. The stones heavier than we would have moved with the special bags filled with air. For the sand and mud, discard the idea of \u200b\u200ba normal sorbona to avoid damage to the objects: instead needed a device the size and reduced capacity. Adopted as a small compressor (made available by Armando Carola , head of the team, which were also included, among others, Lucignano Luigi and Giovanni, and Massimo Migliorini Scarpati ), which was applied to a pipe diameter approximately one hundred millimeters, the mouth closed by a wire mesh to prevent the aspiration of even smaller objects such as coins, nails, various fragments. In the second dive, I went first. The landscape was familiar to me to have it photographed several times, but this time I did not know where to start, I walked to a wall that I was able to see the water not clear. I swam along the wall and with the hands removed sand and debris in a central point, I discovered some small oil lamps simple invoice. Later, with the others, it was possible to collect a hundred copies before the water becomes a big black spot. The next dive was less chaotic, and we split up in more detail the duties and began working with plastic bags and the Sorbonne, not released until several square meters of bottom. I discovered a layer of oil lamps which were filled with numerous baskets, behind the signal, they let down the boat-supporting. It was late when we decided to come back and the boat was literally filled with baskets full of lucerne.Data time we could not get in touch with the Superintendence of Naples, so that material is deposited at the Flavian Amphitheatre in Pozzuoli entrusting the assistant chief of antiquities, Angelo Angellotti . The next day we got in touch with Dr. George Buchner of the Superintendent, who, after examining the lamps that he made back to the first century AD, he decided to accompany us to be able to assist in the research and subsequent dives. Fortunately, that day the water was clear enough, so as to allow Dr. Buchner to observe from the boat with a batiscopio how to work. His advice the result of long experience of work in the island of Ischia, allowed us to perform an excavation according to the dictates of modern archaeological technique. This time I took many photographs during each phase of the operation, in an effort to document the various layers that covered the lamps. We worked all day with a hectic pace. As the door space free from rocks and debris, the walls showed us the shape of the room. We realized the amount of rubble that covered the floor. Recovered hundreds of oil lamps, were in the majority of simple type, but that figure that we found were well executed with artistic merit apprezzabilissimi. These operations are followed for days, hoping to discover a mosaic floor at the bottom of the shaft. Unfortunately, after about two weeks work, we noticed that the floor was a mosaic, but in concrete, obviously ended up in a warehouse where they were preserved several thousands of oil lamps. But it was just a deposit? And what had served so many lamps, since almost all had blackened the spout use? Someone proposed that they had been used for parties of lampadoforie * which were held in the area and were in vogue among the Romans, and others, which were used to illuminate the docks of the port of Pozzuoli, on the occasion of the arrival of some character. Some people proposed that the lamps were used to light up the bridge of ships built between Caligula for Pozzuoli and Baia through the night, mounted his horse, the stretch of sea separating the two places, because the prophesy came true emperor of Rome who wanted him if he succeeded in that undertaking. Assumptions
fantastic no doubt. That notwithstanding the discovery rather unique, at least from what we know about the phenomena that have affected the bank Puteolana. Science tells us that the coastline was affected by a movement bradyseism and no doubt it is true and correct, so that this movement is due to the decay and abandonment of the area. But we know that the sea floor where are the submerged ruins of the town of Pozzuoli and Baia, we who have closely observed the remains of many homes, we have found many remains intact as statues, altars, coins, - ornaments of every kind, we can not consider another possibility: that some sudden phenomenon has led to the abandonment by the populations of some of the most charming towns of Imperial Rome. Maybe one day we will have a definitive answer to these questions. CLAUDIO RIPA

TREASURES OF BAY From a writing professor illustrious archaeologist Amedeo Maiuri . Thirty years ago
archeology Neapolitan could record an exceptional event. He dredged the small port of Baia, which at that time, in addition to sailing ships moored there for the loading of the pozzolan. was also used for mooring boats of the line for Procida and Ischia. But the waters were low and risky landing cards Admiral marked dry submerged in mud and it would take a bucket dredger and a sturdy bottom to remove the dried ones. Started work and lowered into the water bucket to take a bite and Divella, you saw that in place of dry rocks, were torn between the jaws of the bucket factory, pieces of mosaic floors. frustuli marble statue and some members of torn. It was the shore of Bay resummation that from the bottom of the water. The Italian archeology was caught by surprise by the dredging of the waters of the Bay. Yet a few years earlier there had been fished out of a beautiful head Amazon dell'arpione from which the tear had taken more than add a footnote to the bitter sore lip creases, and two replicas of a beautiful female statue type fidiaco neoattica work of two artists who had recorded in the folds of drapery their signatures Greek characters. Despite this violent work of dredging of the lake in front of the pier and the docks of the Bay, the harvest was recovered huge: pieces of architectural columns, capitals, entablature, all of the imperial art of the period of Hadrian and Antoninus and so considerable size from one to suppose that they belonged to buildings not too inferior to those survivors grandeur along the bank, in high relief of beautiful art and pluteus decorative sculptures for the story and reveal a taste for the implementation of selection and not a trivial and cheap display of luxury. The sculptures remained immersed in the muddy bottom were taken to the surface without a trace of wear and corrosion with the mutilation caused by the sun falling or tearing of the bucket. Fortune to those less fortunate instead touched long remained above the water lapped by the sea: the lithographers have exercised their craft on those sculptures of greedy hogs and rodents as the marble on the columns of the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli. Bay waters, sacred to the worship of Venus, Eros could not miss, plus a bunch of Eros and Psyche, a torso of Eros exquisite shaping emerged one day from the bottom, is to evoke the kind of love story born from the Neapolitan humanist literature. The exploration of underwater Bay is not an isolated in sports is not the recovery of any pitcher covered by fine deposits of shellfish or a piece of sculpture and maybe a statue, but the exploration of an entire neighborhood flooded from the line that goes to the pier over the bay to within 120-150 m depth ranges from 3 to 10 meters. The mirror of water is between the tip of Epitaph and its more powerful development of a maritime villa sunk in the sea, and the promontory where the castle once stood the villa of Caesar and the imperial praetorian its port and its maritime facilities, a net limit is marked along the coast, the ancient coastal road that led from Baia in Pozzuoli, the route along which Herculanea Hercules would lead the herd of cattle returning from his trip to fabulous Ibor : the dark ribbon of road pavement can be seen even with calm, clear waters to more than 6-8 meters deep. The main difficulties of reconnaissance and recoveries should be the nature of the seafloor, formed not from the decay of sands, calcareous, but by pulping pozzolanic soil of the hills of the Bay and its return into the muddy, so the slightest movement raises the muddy bottom and turbid waters. Bay bradyseism is submerged in the sea and on land. Even large rooms within the ground and the large pools that collected the hot springs and steam arising from the ground, are also sunk slowly to block the mouth of those waters and those vapors. Today, those rooms and the pools look up at the top of the underground niches and arches that are adorned with large sculptures and there you are walking on dry land, while some beautiful prints of the first 800 years show us the grandest of those rooms, the Temple of Mercury, with the undiscovered niches halfway up and the interior flooded with water. so a helpful Cicero lent his strong shoulders to the vessel from side to side the room: a stone factory, precipitated by the time, acted as stepping stone. Today 20-30 cm at the first covering the emergence of the peaty soil and Acqui, while the original plan of the floor shall be not less than 6-8 meters deep. The excavation, therefore, requires appropriate means such as the excavation of a lake basin filled by a flood, and which has required the digging of the Suburban Baths in Herculaneum, where he has run to overcome the twin obstacles of petrified mud and water for coating 3 meters to the floor. They had rooms and swimming pools that were the most noble and essential part of the spa Bahia. combining the grand architecture, the sumptuous decoration of stucco, mosaics and sculptures.